| SUPERVISOR | 
Eduardo Lage, PhD, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid
 Pablo Perez-Merino, OD, PhD, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz  | 
| ABSTRACT | 
Objective: To evaluate the performance of a new low-cost handheld autorefractor design, 
the “e-see”, in measuring refractive errors of the eye.
Methods: The e-see is a portable and easy-to-use device for measuring refractive 
errors of the eye. It is based on a new wavefront sensor concept in which expensive 
components are not used. A study with 57 subjects was performed in order to compare 
the eyeglasses prescriptions provided by the new device and standard clinical procedures 
(objective refraction using autorefractometer + subjective refraction). Visual Acuity (VA) 
was measured for prescriptions provided by each method. This study analyzes the 
differences in refraction measurements between the QuickSee, a commercial 
autorefractometer and subjective refraction (gold standard), as well as the VA obtained 
by each method. 
 
Results: The spherical equivalent measured with the device correlates with subjective 
refraction in values of r=0.97; with an absolute mean difference between both methods 
of 0.32±0.27D (standard deviation). The agreement in sphere measurements between the 
device and the subjective refraction was 70% and 88% for 0.25D and 0.5D differences, 
respectively. On the other hand, the cylinder agreement was 72% and 95%. There were 
no statically differences between the VA obtained by each method. 
Conclusions: The new device provides an accurate approximation for refractive 
measurements of subjective refraction. 
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